Tuesday, September 24, 2013

In Conversation with Kurt Cyrus




Quite by luck, the kids and I got to meet Kurt Cyrus at the Oregon State Fair. Hotel Deep and The Voyage of Turtle Rex are two of his amazingly gorgeous books that my kids never tire of poring over, and I never tire of learning from; so much so that they are top favorite books for giving away as birthday presents for kids we know.

Affable and unpretentious, Mr.Cyrus seemed oblivious to the fact that his books have brought a lot of joy not just to the kids but to the parents and teachers and caregivers who read his books to the kids.

Unable to carry on a longer conversation in person then, I followed up via email, an interview of sorts.




ST: Hotel Deep is a huge favorite at home. You shared the story of Hotel Deep - started way back in 1986, it morphed along the way to its magnificent form today. How did you choose what animals to showcase (like angulate wentletrap, angler as opposed to viperfish or comb jelly)? And, what aspect to highlight about some of the popular creatures - ex., octopus - ink/camouflage/mom dying after eggs hatch?

The bright side of taking eighteen years to complete a book is that it gives you time to amass a ton of reference material. I had so many ocean books and fish books that I had to improvise my own indexing system to keep track of them. Whenever something in one of those books grabbed me, like the mother octopus refusing all food while guarding her eggs and eventually starving to death, I’d jot down some random lines about it. If I was able to form it into a decent poem, it made the cut. I had enough material that we were able to cull a bunch and still wind up with a forty page book.


ST: The Voyage of Turtle Rex is another huge favorite. There are many stories about turtles laying their eggs in the same beach they were born in. What made you choose to tell it from the pre-historic perspective. Is it primarily to tie it with Tadpole Rex? And, what research went into making the Turtle Rex book?

While researching Hotel Deep I came across an old picture of a bearded guy standing next to the giant fossil of an archelon, the largest turtle that ever lived. That image was riveting. Years later, after the success of Tadpole Rex, it occurred to me that I had been given a golden opportunity to sneak in a book about that prehistoric sea turtle, which lived in the same time period that Tadpole Rex was set in. I enlisted the help of a noted Paleontologist who is considered the leading authority on archelon. The Voyage of Turtle Rex is the book I’m most proud of, even though Tadpole Rex has outsold it handily.



ST: Most of your books have lyrical/rhyming text that makes it a fantastic read aloud. Have you considered writing a book in straight prose?


My first two books, Tangle Town and Slow Train to Oxmox, didn’t rhyme. They also didn’t sell. I’ve written a few prose stories since then, but nobody would publish them. Which is OK—writing in meter and rhyme is  fun challenge, and kids like reading it. But now I’m attempting a middle grade novel. Non-rhyming for sure!


ST: The books you have written and illustrated so far seem to be leaning towards non-fiction. Are there any bizarre fiction stories waiting to come out of you?

The middle grade I mentioned has a bizarre side. Your Skeleton is Showing: Rhymes of Blunder from Six Feet Under, just released, doesn’t skimp on bizarre. And I’m the illustrator of M.T. Anderson’s Whales on Stilts and its sequels. So, yeah, I love bizarre!



ST: What about The Bones of Fred McFee and Mammoths on the Move manuscripts led you to illustrate for them? Do you have a certain criteria/check-list to help you decide which illustration projects to take on - say, a particular writer, a particular subject?

My criteria tend to shift, depending upon circumstances. But those two books were exciting opportunities, and I would have pounced on them under any circumstance. If the subject matter is interesting to me, and especially if it gives me a chance to indulge in a little world-building, I’m in! I love creating little alternate realities for characters, and the reader, to wander around in.


ST: What is your process for making a book? Do you jot down a running list of ideas somewhere handy? Do you think in pictures? Do you play with illustrations first before writing the text for the book? How long does it take from a concept to a book dummy to the finished manuscript and illustrations for submission?


I do think in pictures, but I don’t begin actually drawing those pictures until I’ve got the writing pretty far along. My office is littered with little notebooks, and they spill out into the living room and the bedroom and the car. Most of the scribbles inside them stay inside and never get out. For those that do reach the point of submission, the entire process can take anywhere from a few weeks (Big Rig Bugs) to nearly two decades (Hotel Deep).


ST: Do you prefer to commit to one ms/book at a time till completion or do you handle multiple projects in parallel? 

Parallel is a good word for it. I have multiple projects in different stages of development, but I can only really focus on one at a time. When I run out of steam on that one I set it aside and pick up another. I’m not a good multitasker.


ST: You have a varied background until you hit upon children's books. Are you fairly disciplined in terms of keeping a routine now - everyday, 8 hours a day or so - for writing and illustrating? How do you split the time between the two - writing vs. illustrating?

No discipline, no routine, except when there’s a deadline looming. If the deadline is tight, then I count the weeks remaining, divide it by the number of illustrations to be done, and just hack away at the required pace. Usually there’s no need to divide the time—if I have an illustration job, I just do that. When there’s no illustration job, I write.


ST: Do you have a literary agent or do you handle all the submissions? And, how involved are you in your book promotions - like, book launch, school visits, blog tours?

Right now I’m between agents. It’s a tricky thing—even a good agent, one who achieves great things for other clients, can be less than productive for you if you’re not on the same wavelength. So, for now I’m submitting my own stuff to editors I’ve worked with in the past.

Concerning publicity and promotion, my new book Your Skeleton is Showing contains a rhyme that begins: Once upon a podium / a public speaker died / from sweating so much sodium / he shriveled up inside. That’s autobiographical. When faced with an audience I experience the “Fight-or-Flight” response—with a strong bias toward flight. But I do what public appearances I can, without traumatizing myself too much.

[update: Poet laureate Kenn Nesbitt's October 2013 Book Pick: Your Skeleton is Showing]

ST: Any advice for aspiring children's book writers - not just about telling a story, but about handling the business end of things?

Don’t take rejection (or indifference) personally. Don’t hold grudges. Don’t fixate on the Amazon sales rank. These are the things I struggle with.


[image source: kurtcyrus.com]




Wednesday, September 18, 2013

Hotel Deep

Hotel Deep

Light Verse from Dark Water

by Kurt Cyrus


To write a picture book that one is illustrating (or is it to illustrate the book one is writing?) must be a perfect boon.

And possibly a curse.

On the one hand, the illustrations can narrate a parallel story, rather than simply help visualize the text, thereby providing control over what to present as a whole package; on the other, however, how does the writer know when to stop and let the illustrator finish up (or vice versa)?

Tough work! And quite a few incredibly talented people have managed to do it, and do it well.

Starting with The Voyage of Turtle Rex, we've enjoyed many of Mr.Cyrus' books including Tadpole Rex and Oddhopper Opera; plus the many that were written by other authors but illustrated by him, like Pest Fest, The Bones of Fred McFee and Sixteen Cows.

Hotel Deep, as the subtitle says, is a collection of light verses about creatures that live in the deep dark waters.

The angler flaps her fleshy flap
A shrimp comes in. The jaws go snap!
The angler doesn't have a clue
Why shrimp come in. They simply do.
And so she eats them. Wouldn't you?

As an outstanding artist, Mr.Cyrus packs a wonderful visual treat in all his books. The illustrations in Hotel Deep are simply gorgeous and one cannot just "read" this book in a hurry. Kids take their time on each page, noticing the details, as do the adults.

Sardines at the end was an instant hit, making us laugh and count how many "sardines" there are on the double-page spread. Especially since, somewhere near the beginning of the book, we read:

One sardine. Apart. Alone.
Welcome to the Mystery Zone.

...

Lost and lean, a lone sardine
Haunts the doorways of the sea.
"Please, has anybody seen 
A million other fish like me?"

Even the common Barnacles are featured:
...
They pull in their heads at the sound of a stranger,
Ever aquiver, though never in danger.
...

And so are the pretty little Angulate Wentletrap.

One of my favorites is a melancholy poem about a mother octopus who brings forth the next generation and simply dies, as she is destined to do.

Rather than flat lines of text, our eyes do a lot of acrobatics while reading this book - swirling, swooping, darting, swimming as they follow the words in the page, and the action.

Apparently, Hotel Deep in its original form is pretty unrecognizable from the brilliant one we behold today. Conceived in 1986, Hotel Deep wasn't born until 2005, undergoing multiple operations during those years. Laced with self-deprecating humor, the author shares precious insight he has gained from years of being good at what he does.

[image source: kurtcyrus.com]









Friday, September 13, 2013

Ranganna


Image courtesy: Tulika

Ranganna                 
by Arthi Anand-Navaneeth
Illustrated by Kavita Singh Kale

It has only been a few days since many households across the globe celebrated the elephant, but the celebration is not over yet. We bring you a review of Ranganna, our resident blogger, Arthi-Anand Navaneeth’s second publication, featuring a cool blue elephant.

Ranganna is not your typical elephant, he lives in the Dhobi ghat, in the midst of bursts of color. Color is everywhere, all around him. In the clothes spread out to dry, in the flowers ladies buy at the temple. After he sees two little girls sporting color on their nails, Ranganna wants some color on himself!  But painting an elephant’s nails! How would the girls do that? Arthi’s tale, ably enhanced by Kavita Singh Kale’s multi colored brush strokes, brings the tale to a warm and fulfilling finish.

From beginning to end, Ranganna maintains the comforting lilt and tone of a bed time tale. We asked Arthi if this book started off as a bed time story. But the story behind the story started in a temple down south. “After our trip to the temple towns of Kumbakkonam- Thanjavur with their many elephants who 'bless' you at temples, [my younger one] was petrified of them. I came up with the story to help her get over her fear of elephants! I had to tap into her love of colour, rainbows, bubbles and  of course nailpolish, to help make elephants less intimidating to her, a three year old,” says Arthi.

And the inspiration behind the name Ranganna?
Arthi: A younger elephant was chosen for the same reason as above and as with all young ones, he is a vibrant curious fellow. 'Ranganna' is  word play with the Hindi equivalent for colour- rang- with a typical Kannadiga style of naming.

The backdrop is an unusual place to find elephants – Arthi tells us a little about where the story is set.
Arthi: The backdrop is Hampi- a smallish but poetically beautiful temple- historical town in Karnataka since that is most familiar to my daughters now. Would also take this chance to urge all to save the beauty of Hampi!!

We were curious how Arthi worked with the illustrator, did she modify her draft based on Kavita’s drawings?
Arthi: The editorial team at our publisher, Tulika nominates the illustrator. The story  is edited before being sent to the illustrator. I was thrilled to hear Kavita was on Ranganna. Kavita is known for the extra touches she brings and am sure her work with Ranganna will delight all. I must also mention the translators' contribution- to make it available in multiple languages. Works well for older kids as well to help language development.

This is Arthi’s second work for children and we can expect many more! We wondered what draws her to the world of children’s literature. Here it is…
Arthi: I love reading, embellishing, creating and narrating stories to my girls and in the recent year or two, to other kids too ( artstales.blogspot.in). Sometimes the response and repeat requests are high for certain tales.  I pen those down and hope some adult editor at a publisher, will see it through my kids' eyes and enjoy and take it up. I am only two books old now (Have you seen this? was my previous book). Honestly, not all tales I write get picked up. But if I see kids' eyes light up or ears perk up or lips break into a smile- I keep using the story at storytelling sessions.

We are also delighted to have a second conversation with Kavitha Singh Kale. A visual artist, filmmaker, author and illustrator, she was drawn to children's literature at the very beginning of her career. With a combination of acrylic and water colors, she brings Ranganna to life, giving him toddler-like expressions and an ebullient personality.

ST: What was your first thought when you read about an elephant as a title character?
Kavita: I was excited as all kids love elephants! They are so adorable and bring lot of joy :)

ST: Does the illustration go through editing before it is ready for publication?
There were very few things here and there which I changed after getting feedback from the publisher.

ST: What was the inspiration behind a blue Ranganna?
Kavita: The river and the feeling of dhobi ghat inspired me to think of a blue Ranganna.

ST: The elephant dance rocks :) Who was the choreographer, so to speak? :)
Kavita: Thanks! Since elephants are huge animals.. I had to really think and imagine different possible poses for the dance sequence.


Our other two star reviewers have a few more thoughts to add about Ranganna’s color.
Here’s Praba’s view…
In Ranganna, Arthi Navneeth has created a wonderfully upbeat elephant character with an uninhibited love for colors. With his sunny disposition, he is sure to put everyone in a cheery mood. Well-designed spreads by Kavita Singh Kale washed with stunning colors render a lovely rural charm making it an irresistible pick.


..And Sheela has this to say..
In this charming tale, we meet the effervescent Ranganna who wants to add some color to his plain self. And he gets his wish when he meets two little girls, Anushka and Aditi. How many toe nails does an Indian elephant have? Well, ask the two little girls in the story, they know! And, that's how many colors of nail polish they find to paint Ranganna's nails - one color per toe nail. Is it any wonder Ranganna does his happy elephant dance at the end?
Arthi Navaneeth's genial narration and  Kavitha Singh Kale's bright spreads make this a delightful read for the kids.

Saffron Tree is thrilled for Arthi & Kavita and for Tulika, looks forward to many more interesting publications from the team.



Saturday, September 07, 2013

In honor of Pulak Biswas


One of India’s senior and most versatile children’s illustrators, Pulak Biswas, is no more. He breathed his last in Delhi, on August 29, 2013. He could be considered “a pioneer” in his field - in the early eighties, at the famous cartoonist Shankar’s suggestion, he joined Children’s Book Trust, leaving behind a job in the advertising field. He received formal training at Kolkatta’s Government College of Art, Homsey College in London and Rietvald Academy in Amsterdam. In addition to many solo and group exhibitions that he held in India and Europe, it was his work in the field of children’s books illustrations that made him popular all over the world. “Also a successful painter, he considers children's book illustration his dream vocation,” reads his biography on Amazon.com.

Bangalore based author and illustrator, Vishakha Chanchani, vividly recalls a workshop she attended with him, many years ago, “Biswas was among the few who view 'illustration' on par with art and consider artists’ individual works as unique - neither really lesser or higher.”

This is indeed a very significant insight. Today, while the Indian children’s picture book market is buzzing with many more players in addition to the governmental organization National Book Trust and the above mentioned CBT that came into being in the mid nineteen fifties, there is a growing concern about quality. Many factors come into play when parents select books for their children and “visual appeal” is certainly one of them. Few illustrators, including Biswas, never shy away from portraying India and Indians as they are while many others “bow down” to commercial pressures and do not hesitate to follow a safer path to commercial success with bright distracting colours or even alien details (for example the facial features of characters or the dresses they wear).

It is difficult to say what particular style Biswas followed best as he seemed to cover the entire spectrum during his career. From the simple yet powerful line drawings that went into one of his earliest works, Mulk Raj Anand’s “A Day in the Life of Maya of Mohenjo-Daro” published by NBT (won Honorary Mention BIB in 1969) he seemed to be at ease with the 1990s colourful and folksy “Hen Sparrow Turns Purple” by Tara Publishers (winning the Grand Prix at the Biennale of Illustrations, Bratislava). According to Amamzon.com, “Designed as a scroll, and silk-screened by hand on handmade paper, this …visual and tactile treat..is a cheerful adaptation of a traditional folk tale, inspired by medieval Indian art and narrative traditions.”


Similarly, his 1999 “Tiger on a Tree”(written by Anushka Ravishankar, published by Tara Books, won the Biennial of Illustration Bratislava, and in 2005 was listed in the American Library Association’s List of Notable Books) was illustrated using only orange paint and black strokes, giving it a "batik" like feel, according to one of its reviewers at www.publishersweekly.com.

Given the important role children’s books play such in their development and love for the world around them and literature alike, good illustrators and authors are like teachers and parents who nurture them. India has lost a gem of an illustrator and no newspaper even covered the news. It is sad, since we are living in times where “sensational” sells over humane. Rest in peace, Pulak Biswas. May your works be enjoyed by generations to come, Sir!

Saffron Tree thanks our guest contributor Rachna Maneesh Dhir for this invaluable piece on Pulak Biswas.
Image Source: http://www.tradewindbooks.com/illustrator-biography&Name=Pulak_Biswas

(This article is based on information gathered from various web sites. An interview with Pulak Biswas can be found at http://hichki.com/HichkiArticle.asp?ContentID=465)

Wednesday, September 04, 2013

Stardines Swim High Across the Sky

Stardines Swim High Across The Sky
                        and other poems
by Jack Prelutsky
illustrated by Carin Berger


Mr.Prelutsky is an inspiration. By writing about anything and everything under the sun that will appeal to a broad set of young audience, no doubt he has single-handedly managed to kindle the inner poet in many kids, thereby making poetry fun and accessible.

And, through Pizza, Pigs & Pancakes book, he generously shares many tools and techniques to demystify poetry-writing.

Thanks to Dr.Seuss, Shel Silverstein, Jack Prelutsky, Kenn Nesbitt et al, kids today can develop a genuine fondness for poetry - and not necessarily the esoteric, evocative ones that are traditionally exalted, but the engaging, playful ones that straddle the lines of the absurd and the profound.

The latest book to turn into an obsession in our house, based on repeat reads, is Stardines.

Associating intangible traits with well-known animals, Jack Prelutsky has presented a clever set of  16 poems that not only entertain but also challenge the young minds to think beyond the conventional.

Stardines, as can be guessed, are stars that swim about high in the sky like a school of sardines.

My favorites were: Plandas - Pandas that plan and plan but never get anything done; Braindeer - Reindeer with such amazing brain that can solve all the mysteries of the universe but can't communicate it to us as they cannot speak or write; The Gloose - Goose that's adhesive and has a tough time getting anywhere; and Bardvarks - Aardvarks that fancy themselves as poets but are so awful at it and we can't make them stop.

The 8 year olds favorites in this collection happen to be: Bluffaloes, Jollyfish and Magpipes.

What I admire deeply about these poems is the uncompromising use of language - no dilution, no patronizing, just unadulterated joy. And, no gimmicks, no odd menagerie of amalgamated mutants, but an inventive marriage of everyday animals with incongruous peculiarities.

BLUFFALOES are bulky beasts,
Preposterously large.
Their demeanor is imposing,
They appear to be in charge.

Despite their size and attitude,
They're neither fierce nor tough,
And BLUFFALOES just run away
If you should call their bluff.

Of course, the book would be incomplete without the brilliant illustrations by Carin Berger. Each 2-page spread is" a carefully constructed diorama with cut paper and other found objects", plus tags and labels and pins and things that have the quaint vintage charm. That just barely scratches the surface. How does an artist match the skilled wordplay in such a work? Magpipes are amazingly rendered and so are the Braindeer. How about Bluffalo? How can the abstract 'bluff' be presented alongside the majestic 'buffalo'? Ms.Berger has done it!

Browse Inside at HarperCollins

[image source: HarperCollins]




Sunday, September 01, 2013

Interview with Tutu Dutta-Yean

I am very happy to present Ms. Tutu Dutta-Yean, the author of the book 'The Eight Treasures of the Dragon'. She has taken a lot of her time to write very detailed answers for the various queries that I had for her. Many thanks to you Ms. Tutu Dutta-Yean.  Do visit her blog Betel, Banyan, Basil & Bamboo. It is a treasure house of interesting folk tales and traditions of Malaysia.


Please tell us a little bit about yourself and how you got into books for children. 

I was born in Churachandpur, India but I grew up in Malaysia (we came to Kuala Lumpur when I was five years old).  My father is Bengali and my mother is Manipuri.

I've always been interested in children’s books – in fact I started collecting them as a young adult, long before I got married. But I really started writing for children about 11 years ago. My husband was posted to New York from 2002 – 2005. There were two huge bookstores in the neighbourhood – Barnes &Noble and Borders. I was able to attend author talks and read many children’s books.  I think it was my daughter who got me interested in writing children’s books – after I read the books that she read. This was also the time of the Harry Potter craze and everybody wanted to write children’s books!

 I've since had seven books published and am now interested in writing books for Young Adults.

We enjoyed the book 'Eight Treasures of the Dragon'. I can imagine there being so many different stories on dragons. How did you finally choose the eight stories that you presented in the book. 

First of all, I’m glad you enjoyed the book! 

When I decided to write a book about dragons, I did an extensive search for dragon stories from Asia – both online and going through old books. It was easy enough finding stories about dragons in Chinese and Japanese folklore, but Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and India were not so easy. In fact, I found only one dragon story originating in Malaysia and I was lucky to discover a very interesting one from Indonesia called the She-Dragon of the South Seas. The story from Singapore, Sang NilaUtama, has an ‘invisible’ dragon in it!  I like stories with intricate plots so I chose stories with not only adventure in it but also because of the human element. A few of the stories are quite heart-breaking, I suppose, but one has to be true to the spirit of the original story.

The first time I read the story of Sang NilaUtama(not being aware much about the history of South-east Asia), I was amazed by the fact that the term 'Singha' is such a common term and it refers to a 'Lion' in Malay. It means the same in Tamil(my mother tongue) as well - although we say 'Singham'. Did you find a lot of such similarity in the various cultures while researching on dragons across South-east Asia. 

The story of Sang NilaUtama is known in Malaysia as well as Singapore and is part of Malay folklore. Yes, ‘singa’ means ‘lion’ in Malay and Singapura means ‘Lion City.’ This is not that surprising really as there was a lot of Indian influence in Southeast Asia in the past, especially during the Chola Dynasty. The Malay language contains quite a number of Sanskrit words; in fact, the Malay word for ‘dragon’ is ‘naga’.

The story of 'The Candlewax Prince' based in India is new to me. I have never read about this folk tale earlier. I found in your references about a person called Shovona Devi who wrote a book 'Oriental Pearls'. And her uncle is the great Rabindranath Tagore! This finding was so amazing to me. How did you come across this story the first time?

Well, it was not easy to find this story! As I mentioned before, I did an extensive internet search for old stories about dragons and nagas for my book. I must have gone through dozens of stories from India before I came across this one by Shovona Devi (pure serendipity that she happens to be Tagore’s granddaughter!) The story of the Maharani who could not trust her own son, struck a chord in me. But I added my own interpretation to the story of The Wax Prince. 

Please tell us a bit about the children's books from Malaysia. Please share some of your favorite children’s books from Malaysia. I hear that they have vibrant children's book publishing industry. 

Many children’s books are published in Malaysia but not all are of good quality. The challenge we face is that the market is segmented. There are books published in Malay, Chinese and English. Basically, I’m only involved in the small segment of the market which deals with children’s books in English.  The fact that I know almost all the publishers/editors/authors personally probably tells you that this segment is quite small!

The other challenge we face is public indifference to local writers – many Malaysian parents still think books written and published overseas (i.e. in the West) are ‘superior’. 

The Malaysian-published children’s books that I admire (in no particular order):

*Three Green Dreams by Roshni Menon
*Kailash by Quek Sue Yian
*Ah Fu, the Rickshaw Coolie by ChoongKwee Kim
*Grandma Lim’s Persimmons by Sunita Bhamray

(These are all books for young readers – from age 5 – 9.)

There are only a handful of writers who write books in English for tweens and young adults (YA). They are: TeohChoonEan (Nine Lives; Magic Eyes), Golda Mowe (Iban Dreams) and myself (The Jugra Chronicles).

Please share any interesting books that you have read recently and would like to recommend to the readers of this blog. 

At the moment I’m reading adult fiction by three Malaysian writers.

But there is a post in my blog (tutudutta.blogspot.com), called Adapting Asian Folktale for Children’s and YA Literature where I analyse five noteworthy children’s & YAbooks, which are based on folklore.

I find it hard to consider that Nagas are similar to dragons. Why do think they are similar to dragons of East and West? 

I asked myself the question ‘Are nagas, in fact, dragons?’ when I first researched the book. I believe the nagas are the predecessors of the dragons. Nagas are the serpentine dragons of India and Southeast Asia (Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Cambodia and Laos). This division in dragon lore also answers Question no 3, where you asked about similarities among Southeast Asian countries. In fact, the word ‘naga’ means ‘dragon’ in Malay and also in the other Southeast Asian countries.In the story of Sang NilaUtama, it was a naga king who gave the Jewel of Sri Vijayato NilaUtama’s ancestor. (The naga king actually gave him a crown but I changed it to a fabulouspearl to concur with dragon legends from East Asia).

I also read about a Hindu myth about the churning of the ocean, Samudramanthan, by the Devas and the Asuras. They used the king of the nagas, Vasuki as a rope. At one point, Vasuki was so tormented that he belched out fire and smoke which scorched all the Asuras! I think this definitely shows that nagas are dragons.

The Chinese dragon, the lung, is prevalent in China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea and perhaps Vietnam. The lung has four limbs just like the dragon of the West. These are the lizard-like dragons.

From mythological point of view, how different are the dragons based in East vs those based in West. 

The dragon of the East is associated with the element of water and with fluid energy. 
It is said to influence weather, rain and moving bodies of water. In old China, the dragon or lung, was a symbol of imperial power and the emblem of the Emperor. In India and Southeast Asia, the dragon is known as naga. The supreme naga is Anatha-Sesha, the symbol of time and eternity. Vishnu is said to sleep in his coils. The king of the nagas is Vasuki; his sister Manasha is the goddess of snakes and fertility. 

Both the lung and the naga are said to carry a pearl or gem on its head. And both are usually regarded as benign, although they have a dark and destructive side and can cause catastrophic floods and high winds. But the dragon of the East is never evil, merely a force of nature.

The dragon of the West is associated with the element of fire and in the past, used to be regarded as destructive, greedy and even evil. In ‘The Hobbit,’ the main antagonist is a dragon who jealously guards a huge amount of gold and other treasures in its lair. In fact all the books by Tolkien depict dragons in a very bad light. The dragon was also regarded as evil in the sense that it could induce men to do evil deeds, usually driven by greed. The story of St George and the Dragon is the classic example of the dragon being regarded as a destructive and cruel creature.

However, I’m happy to note there is an entirely new appreciation for dragons in the West now. The Eragon series by Christopher Paolini depict dragons as powerful but noble creatures, in concurrence with the dragon of the East.

After word: If the readers have some better URL links to the books mentioned in the interview, please leave a comment. I will change the link accordingly. I could not find many references oline to these interesting books.